Relationships of habitual daily alcohol consumption with all-day and time-specific average glucose levels among non-diabetic population samples

BACKGROUND@#Alcohol consumption is a prevalent behavior that is bi-directionally related to the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the effect of daily alcohol consumption on glucose levels in real-world situations in the general population has not been well elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between alcohol consumption and all-day and time-specific glucose levels among non-diabetic individuals.@*METHODS@#We investigated 913 non-diabetic males and females, aged 40-69 years, during 2018-2020 from four communities across Japan. The daily alcohol consumption was assessed using a self-report questionnaire. All-day and time-specific average glucose levels were estimated from the interstitial glucose concentrations measured using the Flash glucose monitoring system for a median duration of 13 days. Furthermore, we investigated the association between all-day and time-specific average glucose levels and habitual daily alcohol consumption levels, using never drinkers as the reference, and performed multiple linear regression analyses after adjusting for age, community, and other diabetes risk factors for males and females separately.@*RESULTS@#All-day average glucose levels did not vary according to alcohol consumption categories in both males and females. However, for males, the average glucose levels between 5:00 and 11:00 h and between 11:00 and 17:00 h were higher in moderate and heavy drinkers than in never drinkers, with the difference values of 4.6 and 4.7 mg/dL for moderate drinkers, and 5.7 and 6.8 mg/dL for heavy drinkers. Conversely, the average glucose levels between 17:00 and 24:00 h were lower in male moderate and heavy drinkers and female current drinkers than in never drinkers; the difference values of mean glucose levels were -5.8 for moderate drinkers, and -6.1 mg/dL for heavy drinkers in males and -2.7 mg/dL for female current drinkers.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Alcohol consumption was associated with glucose levels in a time-dependent biphasic pattern.

Body mass index and gestational weight gain: relevance in gestational diabetes and outcomes - A retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the influence of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on blood glucose levels at diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obstetric/neonatal outcomes. Subjects and methods: Retrospective cohort study including 462 women with GDM and singleton pregnancy delivered in our institution between January 2015 and June 2018 and grouped according to BMI/GWG. Results: The diagnosis of GDM was more likely to be established in the 1st trimester (T) in women with obesity than in normal-weight (55.8% vs 53.7%, p = 0.008). BMI positively and significantly correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels in the 1stT (rs = 0.213, p = 0.001) and 2ndT (rs = 0.210, p = 0.001). Excessive GWG occurred in 44.9% women with overweight and in 40.2% with obesity (p < 0.001). From women with obesity, 65.1% required pharmacological treatment (p < 0.001). Gestational hypertension (GH) was more frequent in women with obesity (p = 0.016). During follow-up, 132 cesareans were performed, the majority in mothers with obesity (p = 0.008). Of the 17 large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birthweight delivered, respectively 6 and 9 were offsprings of women with overweight and obesity (p = 0.019). Maternal BMI had a predictive value only for macrosomia [aOR 1.177 (1.006-1.376), p = 0.041]. BMI and GWG positively correlated with birthweight (rs = 0.132, p = 0.005; rs = 0.188, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Maternal obesity is related with a major probability of diagnosis of GDM in 1stT, fasting hyperglycemia in 2ndT and a more frequent need for pharmacological therapy. Pre-gestational obesity is associated with GH, cesarean delivery and fetal macrosomia.

Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS): An effective tool to screen undiagnosed diabetes

Background: Diabetes is an insidious public health problem. India has the second largest number of adults living with diabetes worldwide (77 million). Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a simple, cost-effective and feasible tool for mass screening programme at community level. Aim & Objective: To assess diabetes risk in adults aged 30 years and above and to identify high risk subjects for screening undiagnosed diabetes in an urban population of Meerut. Settings and Design: Community based cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: All adults who were ?30 years of age and non-diabetic were interviewed using pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire for their socio-demographic profile and lifestyle. Fasting Blood glucose of all study subjects were done to screen undiagnosed diabetics. Statistical analysis used: Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Epi Info TM 7.2.3.1 was used. Pearson’s Chi Square were applied. Results: 33.4% were found to have high diabetes risk. Risk of diabetes increases with age. 7.6% of the study subjects were found to be diabetic and were unaware of their diabetic status. Physical inactivity and increasing waist circumference were found to be significantly associated with risk of diabetes. Diabetes risk was also significantly associated with positive family history. Conclusions: Screening and early identification of high risk individuals would help in early diagnosis and treatment to prevent or to delay the onset of diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Effect of lifestyle intervention holistic approach on blood glucose levels, health-related quality of life and medical treatment cost in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a costly, lifestyle-related disorder, its management is very critical and challenging hence lifestyle intervention may a cornerstone in the reversal and management of T2DM. This study designed to assess the impact of lifestyle intervention holistic (LIH) Model on blood glucose levels (BGL), Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL), and medical treatment cost in T2DM patients. This prospective, quasi-experimental study was conducted among 224 T2DM patients in Delhi Diabetes Research Center (DDRC), New Delhi. The study participants were allocated into two groups-Lifestyle Intervention Counseling (LIC) group received lifestyle-based counseling through the LIH model while the Usual-care group received only standard treatment. Study outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month and data were analyzed through SPSS. Study results revealed that LIC participants had decreased in fasting blood glucose 0.26 mg dL-1(-4.37 to 4.89), blood glucose postprandial -70.16 mg dL-1(-85.15 to -55.16), HbA1C -2.82% (-5.26 to -0.37), medicine cost (p < 0.004), hospitalization cost (p < 0.011), and cost of surgery (p < 0.0005). A significant improvement also observed in HRQOL and adherence towards a holistic model in LIC group. The study concludes that lifestyle-based counseling and its adherence was cost-effective and significantly improves BGL, HRQoL, and medical treatment in T2DM patients.

Lipid profile among controlled and uncontrolled type-2 diabetic patients in a rural tertiary care center: a comparative study

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problem and endemic with rapidly increasing prevalence in both developed and developing countries. It has strong association with dyslipidaemias in relation to glycaemic control and duration of the disease. Dyslipidaemias make diabetic patients more susceptible to coronary artery disease (CAD) which is the major cause of increased mortality and morbidity. Objectives were to estimate the blood glucose levels and lipid profiles among diabetics and to compare the lipid profiles among controlled and uncontrolled diabetic subjects.Methods: A cross sectional study was done including 100 diabetic subjects aged between 40 to 60 years of either sex. Patients were classified into 2 groups with 50 subjects in each group as per their glycemic index. Group 1 was controlled diabetic patients (HbA1c?7.5%) and Group 2 was uncontrolled diabetic patients (HbA1c>7.5%). Venous blood samples were collected from the subjects. The serum was used for analyzing FBS, PPBS, HbA1c and lipid profiles.Results: FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL were more in females than male patients but the mean values were not significant statistically except FBS and total cholesterol. All the lipid parameters were elevated among uncontrolled diabetic patients compared to controlled diabetic patients which was statistically significant.Conclusions: Present study concluded that the blood glucose levels and lipid parameters were elevated among uncontrolled diabetics compared to controlled diabetics strongly depicting the co-relation between the glycemic levels and lipid abnormalities. Patients should be educated to monitor regularly and control blood glucose and lipid levels.

Effect of Benson Relaxation and Aromatherapy on Blood Glucose Levels in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus

@#Introduction: Diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia can cause long term damages and malfunction of different organ and systems, especially the eye, kidney, nerve and cardiovascular systems. The main problem in Diabetes Mellitus patients is a difficulty in regulating blood glucose levels. Various attempts were made to reduce blood sugar levels so that patients can be free from insulin. Exercise and diet are the primary therapies in DM patients, but apart from that, relaxation techniques can help patients reduce stress and anxiety levels, which will ultimately have a good effect on lowering glucose levels in the blood. Benson relaxation techniques modified with aromatherapy are expected to provide a relaxing effect so that this condition can have a better impact on reducing blood glucose. The present study aims to look at the effect of Benson relaxation exercises and aromatherapy on blood glucose levels. Methods: The researchers intervened in two groups of respondents. The intervention group conducted Benson relaxation exercises and aromatherapy while the control group only conducted Benson relaxation. Results: Differences in the average blood glucose levels before and after exercise in the intervention group and in the control group has been observed. Relaxation conditions will provide a good impact for DM patients because at the time of relaxation stress hormones that trigger an increase in blood glucose levels, will not be released by the body. Conclusion: Present study shows that Benson relaxation exercise and aromatherapy is effective for lowering glucose levels.

Study of glucose levels in newborn with reference to hypoglycemia

Background: Hypoglycemia is one of the common metabolic problems in neonatal medicine. Early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal' hypoglycemia is important as many studies found that, hypoglycaemic episodes in neonates lead to neurodevelopmental and physical growth deficits. In this study, blood glucose levels at different time points were assessed and the influence of maternal blood glucose, mode of delivery, gestational age on neonatal blood glucose levels were studied.Methods: Blood glucose levels were low at 0 and 6th hour and maximum at 24th hour. The blood glucose levels ranged from 27 mg/dl to 140 mg/dl. Neonates with high maternal blood glucose were hypoglycaemic, showing a negative correlation.Results: The mean blood glucose levels were low in pre-term and post term babies compared to term and the range was wide in pre-term and term babies compared to post-term. The mean blood glucose levels were high and range was wide in babies delivered vaginally at all the time points compared to the babies delivered by LSCS. 17% babies were hypoglycaemic at birth but none of them had signs. The major signs noted were jitteriness (88%), high cry (88%), lethargy (55%), tremors (55%), limpness (22%), apathy (22%), weak cry (11%) and poor feeding (11%).Conclusions: 0 and 6th hour are the vulnerable time points for hypoglycaemia. Neonates with high maternal blood glucose, pre-term, post-term and babies delivered by LSCS were more prone for hypoglycaemia requiring blood glucose monitoring. There is a wide variation in signs of hypoglycaemia and babies showing signs require monitoring.

Cytological intracellular glycogen evaluation using PAS and PAS-D stains to correlate plasma glucose in diabetics

Background: Oral cytology studies have claimed that cytoplasmic Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) positivity in type-2 diabetics is due to glycogen content. But, it can also be due to mucin and glycoconjugates. Aim: 1. To confirm that cytoplasmic PAS positivity in type-2 diabetics is due to glycogen using diastase. 2. To know the effect of diabetes by determining the number of glycogen-containing cells in the smear. 3. To assess the impact of duration of diabetes based on PAS staining of cells. 4. To correlate between random blood glucose level and the number of PAS-positive cells. Materials and Methods: Study population comprised 45 individuals with 30 type-2 diabetics as case group (Group I < 5 years duration; Group II > 5 years duration) and 15 healthy volunteers (age and gender-matched) as control. For all subjects, random blood glucose was estimated and two cytosmears were obtained. The smears were stained with PAS and PAS-diastase stains (PAS-D). Staining intensity was documented as score 1 (mild-to-moderate) and score 2 (moderate-to-intense) and data obtained were statistically analyzed in SPSS version 16.0. Results: Mann-Whitney U test revealed that in diabetics cytoplasmic PAS positivity is because of glycogen (P < 0.05). There is an increase in the number of glycogen-containing cells (P < 0.05) in diabetics. The duration of diabetes had less impact on intracellular glycogen accumulation (P > 0.05). Spearman's correlation test revealed no significant correlation (P > 0.05) between random blood glucose and a number of PAS-positive cells. Conclusion: PAS positivity is because of intracellular glycogen accumulation in type-2 diabetics. It can convey the glycaemic status of an individual in the recent past, thus a beneficial role in screening and therapeutic monitoring.

Effect Of Ethanolic Extract Of Fruits Of Eriobotrya Japonica On Lipid Profile And Body Weight In Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Eriobotrya japonica locally called as loquat in Kashmir has been studied in various parts of the world but little work has been reported on Kashmiri loquat. The chemical nature of fruits and vegetables offers a great diversity of biological properties and plays an important role in the field of pharmacology. There is a quest for newer drugs with few adverse effects and this poses a challenge for the development of new drugs. The study was undertaken to study the activities of ethanolic extract of Eriobotrya japonica fruits in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The phytochemical screening of the plant was also done. The animals were divided into five groups. Normal Control group received only the vehicle. Toxic group included those animals in which diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. The 3rd group was those animals which received streptozotocin and standard antidiabetic drug-glibenclamide. 4th group included those diabetic animals which received 50 mg/kg b.w dose of fruits of Eriobotrya japonica. 5th group animals included those diabetic animals which received 100 mg/kg b.w of the plant extract. The biochemical parameters that were evaluated were blood glucose levels and lipid profile tests. The body weight was also checked. Histopathology of pancreas was also done. The results showed significant decrease in blood glucose levels, lipid profile tests in animals treated with different doses of the plant extracts. Histopathology of pancreas also showed positive results.

The detection of blood glucose level of finger capillary blood and vein blood by using three kinds of glucose meters and automatic biochemistry analyzer and the linear regression analysis between every glucose meter and automatic biochemistry analyzer / 中国医学装备

Objective:To compare the results of three kinds of glucometers and automatic biochemistry analyzer for the detection of blood glucose level of finger capillary and vein blood, and adopt linear regression to analyze their relationship.Methods: 204 patients with or without diabetes were enrolled in this study. Their finger capillary and vein blood were detected by three kinds of glucose meters and automatic biochemistry analyzer, respectively. And these data were analyzed by using linear regression and pair-t-test.Results: The comparative results revealed that the order of correlation between every glucose meters with automatic biochemistry analyzer was Accuchek higher than GT-1920 and GT-1920 higher than One Touch when the range of hematocrit (Hct) value was in 35.1%-51.6%. The correlation of Hct between every glucose meter and automatic biochemistry analyzer when the range of Hct was 25.0%-35.0% was significant higher than that when the range was 35.1%-51.6% (t=2.19,P<0.05). For finger capillary blood, the bias of One Touch was largest, while for vein blood, the bias of GT-1920 and One Touch were better. Besides, the detected results of blood glucose both of GT-1920 and One Touch were significantly higher than automatic biochemistry analyzer(t=2.34,P<0.05).Conclusion: There were better correlation between every glucose meter and automatic biochemistry analyzer, respectively, and the correlations between them can be effected by Hct. While there were still certainly difference between them.

Evaluation of the impact of orally administered carbohydrates on postprandial blood glucose levels in different pre-clinical models

ABSTRACT We developed a pre-clinical model in which to evaluate the impact of orally administered carbohydrates on postprandial blood glucose levels. For this purpose, we compared the effects of different carbohydrates with well-established glycemic indexes. We orally administered (gavage) increasing amounts (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g/kg) of sucrose and lactose to rats which had been fasted for 6 h or 15 h, respectively. In part of the experiments we administered frutose (gavagem). Three different models were compared for measuring postprandial blood glucose levels: a) evaluation of interstitial glucose concentrations by using a real time continuous glucose monitoring system; b) evaluation of glucose levels in blood obtained from the rat tail; c) evaluation of serum glucose levels in blood collected after decapitation. Our results showed that blood obtained from the tails of 15-h fasted rats was the best model in which to evaluate the effect of carbohydrates on postprandial blood glucose levels.

Clinical study on improve blood glucose levels in diabetic patients and medication compliance method / 中国医学装备

Objective:To study the effect of family nursing on improving the compliance of drug using and blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.Methods: diabetic patients were collected and randomly divided into observation group received family nursing intervention and control group given usual care, general condition of patients were collected and single factor analysis and multi-factor were conducted. Then medication compliance and blood glucose levels were observed. Results: compliance has positive correlation with cultural level, medical expenses, relationship between doctors and patients, the disease and drug knowledge, family income and negative correlated with reduced physical activity; observation group FBG, PBG, and HbA1c level of observation group were significantly lower than control group, cases of good drug compliance was more than control group.Conclusion: nursing home care can effectively improve the diabetes medication compliance and blood glucose level.

Ameliorative Effects of Magnesium and Copper Sulphates on Blood glucose and Serum Electrolytes Levels in Fructose-induced Diabetic Wistar Rats.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of magnesium and copper sulphates on blood glucose and serum electrolytes levels in fructose-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by administration of 20% (20g/100ml) of fructose dissolved in distilled water and administered to the animals for a period of six (6). After which the animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group I served as diabetic control and were administered distilled water, Group II were administered Magnesium sulphate (250 mg/kg b w), Group III were administered Copper sulphate (250 mg/kg b w) and Group IV administered Metformin (250 mg/kg b w). All treatments were given orally for a period of seven days. The results obtained showed a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in the blood glucose levels in groups administered with 250 mg/kg b w of magnesium and copper sulphate after day 3 and 7 when compared to diabetic control group. The results also showed that magnesium and copper sulphates at doses tested i.e 250 mg/kg b w, produced a significantly decreased (p<0.05). With regard to serum levels of sodium, potassium and bicarbonate ions when compared to diabetic untreated control group. However, there was no significant difference in the levels of serum chloride in the groups treated with 250mg/kg b w of magnesium and copper sulphate when compared to diabetic control group.

Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing Neonatal Outcomes of Women Treated with Glyburide or Insulin in Gestational Diabetes: A 5-Year Experience in a South Indian Teaching Hospital.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of glyburide in preventing complications of gestational diabetes in neonates as compared to insulin. Materials and Methods: Information from birth register, maternal and neonatal records were obtained. Five hundred and seventy-seven gestational diabetics with moderate hyperglycemia i.e., with highest fasting plasma glucose value of ≤130 mg/dl and/or highest post-prandial value of ≤250 mg/dl treated with insulin or glyburide were included from a cohort of 769 women needing additional therapy to initial diet therapy during a 5-year period. Thus neonatal outcomes of 303 women treated with insulin and 274 women treated with glyburide were compared. Results: Baseline plasma glucose levels in the group treated with insulin were higher. The mean birth weight (SD) of the neonates in women treated with insulin was 3021.3 g (604.19) as compared to 3104.6 g (499.35, P = 0.07) in the group treated with glyburide. Neonatal outcomes such as hypoglycemia (4.9%, 3.6%, P = 0.44), hypocalcemia (1.3%, 0.7%, P = 0.48), polycythemia (1.7%, 0.7%, P = 0.31), macrosomia (11.6%, 8.7%, P = 0.26), congenital anomalies (2.1%, 2.3%, P = 0.87), birth trauma (1.4%, 1.2%, P = 0.79) were similar in both groups. Neonates of women treated with insulin were more likely to have hyperbilirubinemia (11.5%, 6.5%, P = 0.03). Conclusion: Neonatal outcomes of women treated with glyburide were comparable to those in women treated with insulin. More number of neonates of mothers treated with insulin had hyperbilirubinemia compared to neonates of mothers treated with glyburide (11.5%, 6.5% P = 0.03).

Effects of Acupuncture Therapy on Diabetes Mellitus. Variation of Blood Sugar Levels of Insulin-Dependent Patient / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Before now, it had almost never been reported that acupuncture therapy effects insulin-dependent diabetesmellitus. This is because acupuncture therapy not only can not bring about a radical cure, but also decreases insulin in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.<BR>In this paper we present our findings from a college clinic that acupuncture therapy which was based on the traditional pulse examination of the “Nan Jing”, was efficacous for restoring blood sugar levels of an insulindependent patient.<BR>From symptoms and signs in oriental diagnosis we deduced that the condition of a disease like this case had a metabolic defect on the body as a whole. We treated it with acupuncture therapy based on the traditional theory and monitored the variation of blood sugar levels for six months.<BR>As a result, we found that this case of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus clearly showed blood sugar levels returning to normal with improvement of related symptoms, e.g., paralysis, constipation, feeling of cold, etc.<BR>As we could not find any factors influencing the change in the subject's blood sugar levels, such as changes of administered drugs, climate social environment, etc., it is conceivable that this restoration of blood sugar levels was induced by the traditional acupuncture effect.

Impact of different blood glucose levels in gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and neonatal outcomes / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To evaluate the impact of different glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and neonatal outcomes.Methods:Data of 65 pregnant women with GDM admitted in our hospital from January 2001 to October 2006 were reviewed.A total of 46 GDM women had blood glucose levels under control before delivery and the rest 19 GDM women did not.The impact of different glucose levels on maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared between the two groups.Results:In the group with the glucose level uncontrolled,the incidence of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy,premature rupture of membrane,hydramnios,postpartum hemorrhage,premature infant,neonatal asphyxia,fetal macrosomia,and therapy after 34 weeks pregnancy were 42.11%,26.32%,31.58%,21.05%,47.37%,15.79%,36.84%,and 57.89%,respectively.compared with those of the group with glucose level controlled as 15.22%,4.35%,6.52%,2.17%,17.39%,0.00%,10.87%,and 28.26%,respectively.All the rates of the uncontrolled group were markedly higher than those of the controlled group.Conclusion:Gestational diabetes mellitus does great harm to mother and infant.Diagnosing GDM and controlling blood glucose as early as possible can decrease the complications of mother and infant.